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Hot Springs is a resort city in the state of Arkansas and the county seat of Garland County. The city is located in the Ouachita Mountains among the U. Interior Highlands , and is set among several natural hot springs for which the city is named. As of the United States Census , the city had a population of 37, The hot spring water has been popularly believed for centuries to possess healing properties, and was a subject of legend among several Native American tribes.
Following federal protection in , the city developed into a successful spa town. Incorporated January 10, , the city has been home to Major League Baseball spring training, illegal gambling, speakeasies and gangsters such as Al Capone , horse racing at Oaklawn Park , the Army and Navy Hospital , and 42nd President Bill Clinton. Today, much of Hot Springs' history is preserved by various government entities.
Hot Springs National Park is maintained by the National Park Service , including Bathhouse Row , which preserves the eight historic bathhouse buildings and gardens along Central Avenue. The city also contains dozens of historic hotels and motor courts , built during the Great Depression in the Art Deco style. Due to the popularity of the thermal waters, Hot Springs benefited from rapid growth during a period when many cities saw a sharp decline in building; much like Miami 's art deco districts.
As a result, Hot Springs's architecture is a key part of the city's blend of cultures, including a reputation as a tourist town and a Southern city. Members of many Native American tribes had been gathering in the valley for untold numbers of years to enjoy the healing properties of the thermal springs.
In , Father Marquette and Jolliet explored the area and claimed it for France. The Treaty of Paris ceded the land to Spain; however, in control was returned to France until the Louisiana Purchase of In December , Dr. George Hunter and William Dunbar made an expedition to the springs, finding a lone log cabin and a few rudimentary shelters used by people visiting the springs for their healing properties.
In , a man named Prudhomme became the first settler of modern Hot Springs, and he was soon joined by John Perciful and Isaac Cates. On August 24, , the Quapaw Native Americans ceded the land around the hot springs to the United States in a treaty.
After Arkansas became its own territory in , the Arkansas Territorial Legislature requested in that the springs and adjoining mountains be set aside as a federal reservation.
Twelve years later, in , the Hot Springs Reservation was created by the United States Congress , granting federal protection of the thermal waters. The reservation was renamed Hot Springs National Park in Confederate Governor Henry M. Rector moved his staff and state records to Hot Springs. Union forces did not attack Little Rock, and the government returned to the capital city on July 14, Many residents of Hot Springs fled to Texas or Louisiana and remained there until the end of the war.
In September , Union forces occupied Little Rock. During this period, Hot Springs became the prey of guerrilla bands loosely associated with either Union or Confederate forces. They pillaged and burned the near-deserted town, leaving only a few buildings standing at the end of the Civil War. After the Civil War, extensive rebuilding of bathhouses and hotels took place at Hot Springs. The year-round population soared to 1, inhabitants by By six bathhouses and 24 hotels and boardinghouses stood near the springs.
In , Joseph Reynolds announced his decision to construct a narrow-gauge railroad from Malvern to Hot Springs; completion in resulted in the growth of visitation to the springs. Samuel W. Fordyce and two other entrepreneurs financed the construction of the first luxury hotel in the area, the first Arlington Hotel , which opened in During the Reconstruction Era , several conflicting land claims reached the U.
Congress and resulted on April 24, , Supreme Court ruling that the land title of Hot Springs belonged to the federal government. Protests ensued. To deal with the situation, Congress formed the Hot Springs Commission to lay out streets in the town of Hot Springs, deal with land claims, define property lines, condemn buildings illegally on the permanent reservation now the national park , and define a process for claimants to purchase land.
The commission surveyed and set aside Another 1, acres 4. The townsite consisted of blocks and 50 miles 80 km of streets and alleys. The remaining portion of the original four sections of government land consisted of hills and mountains which were mostly unoccupied, and Congress acted on the commission's recommendation in June by adding those lands to the permanent reservation. Hot Springs has a rich baseball history.
During the early 20th century, Hot Springs was known for baseball training camps. Often called the "birthplace" of Spring training baseball, Hot Springs first welcomed Major League Baseball in , when the Chicago White Stockings now the Chicago Cubs , brought their coaches and players to the city in preparation for the upcoming season.
Both Spalding and Anson, liked the city and the natural springs for their players. Many other teams followed Chicago and began training and playing games in Hot Springs. Needing additional venues for teams to play, Whittington Park was built in , followed by Majestic Park in and Fogel Field in Negro league baseball teams also utilized Hot Springs for spring training. The Pittsburgh Crawfords utilized Fogel Field for spring training from to Patrick's Day, , is nicknamed the "Day that changed Baseball Forever.
In the opening exhibition game against Brooklyn at Whittington Park , Ruth coming off a 24—13 season was a last minute replacement at first base, his first time at a position other than pitcher.
Ruth hit two long home runs that day while playing the field for the first time. His first home run was a long blast that landed in a wood pile. However, his second Home run is legendary in its record setting length and eventual effect on Ruth.
It was a shot that traveled an astonishing estimated feet. After that day Ruth became a hitter, switching from being just a pitcher. In Hot Springs, Ruth could be seen walking the streets, visiting the bath spas, and gambling at the nearby horse track.
There is a Ruth plaque both inside and outside the Alligator Farm, as well as a home plate marker at the former Whittington Park across the street. The Pittsburgh Pirates trained for over a decade at Whittington Park. Hall of Fame shortstop Honus Wagner became a fixture in the city.
As evidence of this, Wagner purchased and donated basketball uniforms and equipment to Hot Springs High School in The uniforms were in the Pittsburgh Pirates colors of black and gold and subsequently the high school switched permanently to those colors. Wagner also refereed a basketball game for the school that season, something he would later repeat. The film features many Hot Springs historical items and references. The fire burned southeast, away from the hospital, until the wind reversed an hour later.
Along the way it consumed the Public Utilities plant, which destroyed the firefighters' water supply. Despite their efforts, numerous homes, at least a hundred businesses, four hotels, the Iron Mountain Railroad facilities, and the Crystal Theater were destroyed.
A rainstorm finally quenched the blaze at Hazel Street. Although Central Avenue was ultimately protected primarily by desperate use of dynamite , much of the southern part of the city was destroyed. From April 2—12, , several Pentecostal Christian leaders gathered in Hot Springs to form what became known as the Assemblies of God. It has since grown to become one of the largest Pentecostal denominations in the United States, with 3,, adherents, 12, churches, and 36, ministers as of [update].
Illegal gambling became firmly established in Hot Springs during the decades following the Civil War, with two factions, the Flynns and the Dorans, fighting one another throughout the s for control of the town.
Frank Flynn, leader of the Flynn Faction, had effectively begun paying local law enforcement officers employed by both the Hot Springs Police Department and the Garland County Sheriff's Office to collect unpaid debts, as well as to intimidate gambling rivals.
This contributed to the March 16, , Hot Springs Gunfight. Of the seven Hot Springs police officers who have been killed while in service of the department, three died during that gunfight, killed by deputies of the Garland County Sheriff's Office. One part-time deputy sheriff was killed also, by the Hot Springs officers.
Hot Springs eventually became a national gambling mecca, led by Owney Madden and his Hotel Arkansas casino. The period — was its wagering pinnacle, with no fewer than ten major casinos and numerous smaller houses running wide open, the largest such operation in the United States at the time [ citation needed ].
Hotels advertised the availability of prostitutes , and off-track booking was available for virtually any horse race in North America. Local law enforcement was controlled by a political machine run by long-serving mayor Leo P. The McLaughlin organization purchased hundreds of poll tax receipts, many in the names of deceased or fictitious persons, which would sometimes be voted in different precincts. A former sheriff, who attempted to have the state's anti-gambling laws enforced and to secure honest elections, was murdered in No one was ever charged with his killing.
Machine domination of city and county government was abruptly ended in with the election of a "Government Improvement" slate of returning World War II veterans led by Marine Lt.
Sid McMath , who was elected prosecuting attorney. A grand jury indicted several owners and promoters, as well as McLaughlin, for public servant bribery. Although the former mayor and most of the others were acquitted, the machine's power was broken and gambling came to a halt, as McMath led a statewide "GI Revolt" into the governor's office in Illegal casino gambling resumed, however, with the election of Orval Faubus as governor in Buoyed into 12 years in office by his popular defiance of federal court desegregation orders, Faubus turned a blind eye to gambling in Hot Springs.
Every week the management appears in local court, pays its fine according to the amount of biz [business] done and goes back to open up. Rockefeller sent in a company of state troopers to shutter the casinos and burn their gaming equipment. Until other forms of gambling became legal in Arkansas four decades later, [38] Oaklawn Park , a thoroughbred horse racing track south of downtown, was the only legal gambling establishment in Hot Springs and one of only two in the state of Arkansas; the other was the Southland Greyhound Park dog track in West Memphis.
Both Oaklawn and Southland remain in operation. Garnett, a former Navy surgeon with a local practice, and John A. Logan , a retired Union general turned politician who was a former patient of Garnett's. Erected under the supervision of Captain J.
Jacobs, the bed hospital was built of wood and brick in the "pavilion style" that required patients and clinicians to traverse long distances.
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